Pannonia Inferior

  • Pannonia Inferior was a Roman Province located in the modern countries of Serbia, Hungary, Croatia, and Bosnia Hercegovina.

1. History

  • Pre-Roman history:
    • Originally inhabited by the Pannonii who were probably an Illyrian Tribe.
    • During the 4th century BCE Brennius the Gaul arrived with his Celtic Tribes which included the Carni, Scordisci, and the Taurisci who remained here.
  • Acquisition by Rome:
  • Timeline of this Province:
  • Under The Republic:
  • After Augustus’ reconstituted the Republic into an Empire:
  • After Diocletian’s Reforms of 297 CE:
    • 294 CE Under the Tetrarchy, Sirmium became one of the Four Capitals of the Empire.
    • 296 CE Pannonia was split into Pannonia Secunda in the south with Sirmium as its Capital, and Pannonia Valeria in the North from Altinum (Mohacs) to Brigetio (Szony) The R. Drava was the border between the two.
    • 314 CE Battle of Cibalae: where Constantine I with 20,000 men defeated Licinius with 35,000 men.
  • After the death of Theodosius in 395 CE, and the final split into Eastern Empire and Western Empire:
    • Pannonia remained part of the Eastern Roman Empire.
    • In 441 CE Sirmium was lost permanently to the Huns after repeated occupations.
    • Briefly, between 567-582 CE, Sirmium returned to the Eastern Roman Empire before being lost permanently.
  • Famous Persons from this Province:
  • Chief archeological Finds:
  • Historic Battle Sites:
  • Main Historical Sources for this Province:

2. Geography

  • Capital City:
    • Pannonia Inferior appears to have had two capitals:
    • Sirmium (Sremska Mitrovica)
    • Budapest (Aquincum)
  • Chief Cities:
    • Ilok (Cuccium), Vinkovci (Cibalae), Osijek (Mursa), Dakovo,(Certissa), Slavonski Brod (Marsonia), Pecs (Sopianae), Szony (Brigetio from 214 CE)
  • Location Today:
    • It is in Serbia, Hungary, Croatia, and Bosnia Hercegovina.
  • Neighbouring Roman Provinces:
  • Climate and Temperature Today:
    • Temperate and Transitional Climate, part Mediterranean and part Continental.
      • Winter: Westerlies bring mild wet windy weather. Easterlies bring Siberian cold air and snowstorms. Inversion Fog can last for weeks.
      • Summer: Hot and humid with occasional violent thunderstorms.
  • Main Geographical features:
    • Part of the Great Danube Plain.
      • It literally forms a rectangle with the ‘Danube Bend’ fitting into the corner, and the Danube River enclosing the North and East.
  • Main Rivers:
    • R.Danube, R. Sava, R. Drava
  • Mountain Ranges:
    • The Transdanubian Mountains
      • Stretching from Lake Balaton northeast to the Danube:
      • Includes the Southern Bakoney, Northern Bakoney, Vertes, Gerecse Mountains, Visegrad Mountains, Buda Mountains, Highest Peak is Pilis at 2, 483 ft (757m).
  • Islands:

3. Political Organisation

  • Province Type:
  • Governor:
  • Tribes and Population:
    • Pannonii were an Illyrian Tribe. During the 4th century BCE Celtic Tribes arrived including the Carni, Scordisci, and the Taurisci
  • Language:
    • Pannonian.
    • Latin.

4. Military Organisation:

5. Economy

  • Chief Exports:
    • Oats, Barley
    • Hunting Dogs
  • Agriculture and Fishing:
  • Manufacturing:
  • Mines:
    • Iron Mines
    • Silver Mines.
  • Mints:

6. Transport

  • Roads:
  • Waterways:
  • Ports:
    • Mursa (Ocijek), and the Legionary Bases of Aquincum (Budapest), Brigetio (Szony)
  • Ancient Trade Routes:
  • Number of Days taken to travel from this Province to Rome:

7. Relationship with Rome

  • Key Frontier Province used throughout the centuries by the Roman Emperors as a base for launching operations against the Germanic Tribes.

8. History of Christianity in this Province

  • Seat of the Episcopate of Sirmium.
  • Four Christian Councils held in Sirmium.

9. Roman Authors describing this Province

 

Pannonia Inferior (capital Sirmium)

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