Timeline of Ancient Rome from 753 BCE-476 CE.

The Timeline of Ancient Rome spans the period between the Foundation of the City of Rome by Romulus in 753 BCE and the Deposition of the last Western Roman Emperor in 476 CE.
The Eastern Roman Empire, or Byzantine Empire, continued with its capital at Constantinople between 330-1453 CE.

Kings of Ancient Rome (753-510 BCE)

Year	Date	Event
753 BCE	21 April	Foundation of City of Rome in 01 AUC Ab urbe condita.
753-715 BCE		Romulus
753-715 BCE		Forum Romanum created.
715-673 BCE		Numa Pompilius
715-673 BCE		Vestal Virgins and the Temple of Vesta established.
673-642 BCE		Tullus Hostilius
642-617 BCE		Ancus Marcius
616-579 BCE		Lucius Tarquinius Priscus (First Etruscan King)
616-579 BCE		Circus Maximus already in existence under previous Kings, was given wooden seating.
c.600 BCE		Cloaca Maxima the main Drain of Rome was built.
578-535 BCE		Servius Tullius (Second Etruscan King)
534-510 BCE		Lucius Tarquinius Superbus (Last Etruscan King)

Roman Republic (509-27 BCE)

Year	Date	Event
509 BCE		Roman Republic (509-27 BCE) was founded.
509 CE		Sybilline Books are acquired and kept by the Roman Senate.
509 CE		Temple of Jupiter dedicated in Rome.
509-264 BCE		Roman-Etruscan Wars
508-338 BCE		The Latin Wars (begun in 7th century BCE) against the Etruscans resulted in the Latin League being absorbed by Rome.
497 BCE		Temple of Saturn inaugurated.
495-493 BCE		Secession of the Plebs.
492 BCE		Famine in Rome.
492-479 BCE		Greco-Persian Wars: Battle of Marathon, Battle of Thermopylae, Battle of Salamis.
449 BCE		Twelve Tables First written Laws of Rome.
390 BCE	18 July	Battle of the Allia. Brennius and the Gauls defeat the Romans.
390 BCE		Sack of Rome by Brennius and the Gauls.
343-280 BCE		Samnite Wars.
334-323 BCE		Alexander the Great invades the cities of the Levant, Tyre, Egypt, Persia, Afghanistan and India. Hellenisation of Turkey, the Levant and Egypt.
321 BCE		Battle of the Caudine Forks Samnite victory.
312 BCE		Via Appia Rome’s first Road opened to Capua.
312 BCE		Aqua Appia Rome’s first Aqueduct.
293 BCE		Roman Army adopts the Maniple System instead of the Greek Phalanx System.
293 BCE		A Great Plague led to the Temple of Asclepius in Rome being built on Tiber Island.
290-275 BCE		Pyrrhic War against Magna Graecia.
275 BCE		Magna Graecia annexed to Rome, except for Sicily.

First Punic War (264-241 BCE)

Year	Date	Event
262 BCE		Siege of Agrigentum by the Romans
261 BCE		Roman Navy created almost overnight with the construction of 100 Quinqueremes and 20 Triremes based at Ostia.
260 BCE		Battle of the Lipari Islands
260 BCE		Battle of Mylae
258 BCE		Battle of Sulci
257 BCE		Battle of Tyndaris
256 BCE		Battle of Cape Ecnomus
255 BCE		Battle of Cape Hermaeum
250-242 BCE		Siege of Lilybaeum and Drepana by the Romans
249 BCE		Battle of Drepanum
242 BCE		Battle of Aegates Islands.
241 BCE		End of First Punic War.
240 BCE		Sicily becomes a Roman Province.
237 BCE		Corsica and Sardinia become Roman Provinces.

Illyrian Wars (229-167 BCE)

Year	Date	Event
229-228 BCE		First Illyrian War
220-219 BCE		Second Illyrian War
169-168 BCE		Third Illyrian War

Second Punic War (218-201 BCE)

Year	Date	Event
218 BCE		Hannibal's Crossing of the Alps He stays in Italy until 203 BCE (15 years)
218-217 BCE		Hannibal defeats successive Roman Armies.
216 BCE	2 August	Battle of Cannae. Hannibal uses Double Envelopment to inflict the worst defeat in Roman History with 70,000 killed, 10,000 captured.
214-205 BCE		First Macedonian War
218-206 BCE		War in Iberia. Rome prevails. Carthaginian armies attempt to rejoin Hannibal.
207 BCE		Hasdrubal takes his Carthaginian army to Italy but is defeated.
205 BCE		Mago takes his Carthaginian army from Iberia to Genoa but is defeated.
204 BCE		Scipio Africanus invades Africa.
203 BCE		Hannibal leaves Italy. Gallia Cisalpina becomes a Roman Province. Rome controls all of Italy.
202 BCE		Battle of Zama. Scipio defeats Hannibal.
201 BCE		End of Second Punic War.
197 BCE		Iberia becomes a Roman Province.

Macedonian Wars (214-148 BCE)

Year	Date	Event
214-205 BCE		First Macedonian War
200-196 BCE		Second Macedonian War
192-188 BCE		Seleucid War or Syrian War.
171-168 BCE		Third Macedonian War
149-148 BCE		Fourth Macedonian War

Third Punic War (149-146 BCE)

Year	Date	Event
149-146 BCE		Siege of Carthage
148 BCE		Fireships destroy part of the Roman Fleet
146 BCE		Fall of Carthage. 50,000 sold as slaves and the city razed to the ground.
146 BCE		End of Third Punic War and Carthagianian Culture.
146 BCE		Africa Proconsularis becomes a Roman Province.

Late Roman Republic (146-27 BCE)

Year	Date	Event
146 BCE		Achaean War. Creation of Roman Province of Macedonia.
135-132 BCE		First Servile War
133-123 BCE		Lex Sempronia Agraria. Agricultural Reforms by Tiberius Gracchus and Gaius Gracchus
121 BCE		Creation of the Province of Gallia Narbonensis
120 BCE		Via Egnatia first Roman Road in Greece.
118 BCE		Via Domitia first Roman Road in Gaul.
113-101 BCE		Cimbrian War
112-105 BCE		Jugurthine War
107 BCE		Marius elected Consul.
107-101 BCE		Marian Reforms Roman Army replaces the Maniple System with the Cohort System. First creation of a Standing Army.
105 BCE		Battle of Arausio the Cimbri and Teutones massacre a Roman Army of 80,000 men. Worst defeat in Roman history since Cannae.
104-100 BCE		Second Servile War
102 BCE		Battle of Aquae Sextiae The Cohort System defeats the Teutones and Ambrones and 90,000 are massacred.
101 BCE	30 July	Battle of Vercellae. The Cimbri invade Italy but are defeated by Marius who massacres 100,000.
91-88 BCE		Social War under Generals Marius and Sulla.
90 BCE		Lex Julia extends Roman Citizenship to the whole of Italy.

First Civil War (88-87 BCE) and Mithridatic Wars (88-63 BCE)

Year	Date	Event
88-87 BCE		First Civil War: Sulla took 6 Legions to Rome and deposed Marius.
88-84 BCE		First Mithridatic War.
83-72 BCE		Sertorian War. Sertorius’ Rebellion against Sulla.
83-81 BCE		Second Mithridatic War.
82 BCE		Sulla's Second Civil War.
82-80 BCE		SPQR replaces ‘ROMA’ on coins and Inscriptions.
77 BCE		Lepidus’ Rebellion against Sulla.
75-67 BCE		Pirates of Cilicia dominate the Mediterranean.
73-62 BCE		Third Mithridatic War.
73-71 BCE		Spartacus and the Third Servile War
67 BCE		Pompey defeats the Cilician Pirates
63 BCE		Pompey conquers Jerusalem.
63 BCE		Cicero elected Consul. Most influential Roman individual in history and in modern Western Literature.
63-62 BCE		Catiline Conspiracy.
62 BCE		Leprosy in Rome when Pompey’s Legions return from the East.
60-53 BCE		First Triumvirate. Pompey, Julius Caesar and Crassus.

Gallic Wars (58-51 BCE) and Julius Caesar

Year	Date	Event
58 BCE		War against the Helveti
57 BCE		War against the Belgae
56 BCE		War against the Veneti
55 BCE		Invasion of Germany. Caesar's First Invasion of Britannia
54 BCE		Caesar's Second Invasion of Britannia
53 BCE		Battle of Carrhae. First Roman War against the Parthian Empire led by Crassus. 7 legions lost.
53 BCE		War against the Eburones
52 BCE		War against Vercingetorix. Battle of Gergovia, Battle of Alesia
51 BCE		Caesar suppresses the Dissident Gallic Tribes
51 BCE		End of the Gallic Wars.

Roman Civil Wars (49-30 BCE)

Year	Date	Event
49 BCE		Crossing the Rubicon by Julius Caesar
49-45 BCE		Great Roman Civil War between Julius Caesar and Pompey
45 BCE		Julian Calendar introduced.
44 BCE	15 Mar	Assassination of Julius Caesar
43 BCE	27 Nov	Second Triumvirate Mark Anthony, Octavian and Lepidus
43-42 BCE		Liberator’s War: Second Triumvirate against Brutus and Cassius
44-36 BCE		Sicilian Revolt: Second Triumvirate against Pompey’s son, Sextus Pompey
41-40 BCE		Perusine War: Octavian against Mark Anthony’s wife and younger brother
42-33 BCE		Parthian Empire attempts but fails to control Armenia, Turkey, Syria and Judaea.
33-30 BCE		Civil War between Octavian and Mark Anthony who openly lives with Queen Cleopatra VII in Egypt.
31 BCE	2 Sep	Battle of Actium. Naval victory by Octavian and Agrippa over the Fleet of Cleopatra and Mark Anthony.
30 BCE	1 Aug	Last Civil War of the Roman Republic: Mark Anthony’s army defects to Octavian.
30 BCE	30 Aug	Cleopatra and Mark Anthony commit suicide. Egypt becomes a Roman Province.
27 BCE		End of the Roman Republic. (Although never officially abolished).

Augustus, the Principate and the Pax Romana (27 BCE-180 CE)

Year	Date	Event
29 BCE		Roman Legion: creation of a Standing Army of 28 Legions.
29-19 BCE		Cantabrian Wars. Took 7 Legions 10 years.
29-19 BCE		Virgil publishes the Aeneid.
29-15 BCE		Vitruvius publishes De Architectura describing how the Aqueducts were built.
28 BCE		Reform of Roman Taxation and First Roman Census
27 BCE	16 Jan	First Settlement legally recognised Octavian as Augustus and awarded him the High Offices of the State, making him, De facto, the First Roman Emperor.
27 BCE-312 CE		Praetorian Guard established.
27 BCE		Roman Navy established.
27-22 BCE		Meroitic War against the Sudan.
27-25 BCE		Livy publishes ‘The History of Rome’.
25-14 BCE		The Three Alpine Passes annexed and become Italian Provinces.
23 BCE		Second Settlement completed the transfer of power to Augustus.
16 BCE		Noricum (Austria) invaded.
15 BCE		Raetia and Vindelicia invaded.
12 BCE		Germania invaded by Tiberius and Germanicus
10 BCE		Flaminio Obelisk
6-9 CE		Great Illyrian Revolt
9 CE		Battle of the Teutoburg Forest 3 Legions lost.
9 CE		Pannonia and Dalmatia invaded and added to Illyricum.
14 CE		Pont du Gard Roman Aqueduct completed.
14 CE		Death of Augustus

Tiberius, Caligula, Claudius and Nero (14-68 CE)

Year	Date	Event
27 BCE-68 CE		Julio-Claudian Dynasty
14-37 CE		Tiberias. He conducted no major wars.
14-24 CE		Revolt of Tacfarinas
37-41 CE		Caligula. First Emperor to be assassinated.
39 CE		Mauretania annexed.
41-54 CE		Claudius
42 CE		Portus, a massive new harbour for Rome completed.
43 CE		Roman Conquest of Britannia
44 CE		Claudius admits Gallic Nobility into the Roman Senate.
44 CE		Mauretania Caesariensis and Mauretania Tingitana become Roman Provinces.
54-68 CE		Nero, First Emperor to commit suicide.
58-63 CE		War of Armenian Succession with Parthia
60 CE		Baalbeck Temple of Jupiter-Baal, the largest Building ever built by the Romans is completed.
60-61 CE		Boudicca's Revolt and the Battle of Watling Street
64 CE		Great Fire of Rome. Nero blames the Christians and has them martyred.
66-73 CE		First Jewish-Roman War
69 CE		Year of the Four Emperors after Nero commits suicide.

Vespasian and Domitian (69-96 CE)

Year	Date	Event
69-79 CE		Vespasian
69-70 CE		Batavian Revolt
70 CE		Siege of Jerusalem and the Destruction of the second Temple of Jerusalem.
79 CE		Mount Vesuvius erupts. Pompeii and Herculaneum lost.
79-81 CE		Titus
79-83 CE		Agricola Invasion of Scotland.
81 CE		Arch of Titus completed in the Forum Romanum.
81 CE		Colosseum opening ceremony lasting 100 days with 9,000 wild animals killed.
81-96 CE		Domitian
85-106 CE		Dacian Wars

Nerva, Trajan and Hadrian (96-138 CE)

Year	Date	Event
96-138 CE		Nervo-Trajanic Dynasty
96-98 CE		Nerva
96-120 CE		Plutarch publishes Parallel Lives.
98-117 CE		Trajan. The Roman Empire expands to its greatest extent.
106-271 CE		Dacia becomes a Roman Province.
106 CE		Nabataean Kingdom becomes the Province of Arabia Petraea
106 CE		Centumcellae Trajan constructs a new port for Rome.
109 CE		Baths of Trajan completed.
112 CE		Trajan's Market completed, along with Trajan's Column in 113 CE.
113-116 CE		Trajan's Parthian War
115-117 CE		Kitos War
117-138 CE		Hadrian. No major wars on the frontiers were conducted.
122-128 CE		Hadrian's Wall completed in Britannia, and all Roman Frontiers reinforced.
128 CE		Pantheon completed creating the World’s largest Dome, made of concrete.
132-135 CE		Bar Kokhba's Revolt

Antoninus Pius, Marcus Aurelius and Commodus (138-192 CE)

Year	Date	Event
138-161 CE		Antonine Dynasty
138-192 CE		Antoninus Pius
138-142 CE		Antonine Wall completed in Scotland.
161-180 CE		Marcus Aurelius
161-169 CE		Lucius Verus co-Emperor with Marcus Aurelius.
161-210 CE		Galen, Father of Roman Medicine wrote 500 Books on Medicine.
165-180 CE		Antonine Plague
168-180 CE		Marcomannic Wars
176-192 CE		Commodus co-Emperor with Marcus Aurelius.
193 CE		Year of the Five Emperors

Septimius Severus, Geta and Caracalla (193-235 CE)

Year	Date	Event
193-235 CE		Severan Dynasty
193-211 CE		Septimius Severus
195-197 CE		Septimius Severus Parthian Campaign
202-211 CE		Severan Persecution
208-211 CE		Septimius Severus' Caledonian Campaign
198-217 CE		Caracalla
209-211 CE		Geta co-Emperor with his brother Caracalla who had him assassinated.
212 CE		Edict of Caracalla gave all Free Roman Men Roman Citizenship.
212-216 CE		Baths of Caracalla completed.
213-214 CE		War against the Alemanni
216-217 CE		Caracalla’s Parthian War.

Crisis of the Third Century (235-284 CE)

Year	Date	Event
235-284 CE		The Soldier Emperors was a 50 year period of civil wars by 33 Emperors ending with Diocletian.
235-238 CE		Maximinus Thrax
238 CE		Year of the Six Emperors
238-244 CE		Gordian III
244-249 CE		Philip the Arab
249-262 CE		Plague of Cyprian
249-251 CE		Decius first of the Illyrian Emperors.
249-261 CE		Gothic Wars
250-274 CE		Palmyrene Empire
251-253 CE		Trebonianus Gallus
253 CE		Aemilianus
253-269 CE		Valerian
255-269 CE		Gothic Fleets invade the Aegean Sea.
257-260 CE		Valerian Persecution
260 CE		Battle of Edessa Valerian invades Parthia but is defeated. He becomes the only Roman Emperor to be captured in Battle and die in captivity.
260-274 CE		Gallic Empire declares independence from Rome.
270-274 CE		Palmyrene Empire declares independence from Rome.
270-275 CE		Aurelian reconquers the Palmyrene Empire and the Gallic Empire.
275 CE		Aurelian Walls completed against the threat of Germanic Invasions.
284-305 CE		Diocletian ends the Crisis and introduces the Tetrarchy.

Diocletian, the Dominate and the Tetrarchy (284-305 CE)

Year	Date	Event
284-305 CE		Diocletian
286-296 CE		Carausian Revolt
293-324 CE		Tetrarchy This divides the Empire into East and West with 2 Emperors and two co-Emperors.
303-313 CE		Diocletianic Persecution against Christianity.
305 CE		Diocletian's Palace completed at Split and Diocletian becomes the first Roman Emperor to abdicate and retire to this Palace.
306 CE		Baths of Diocletian are opened and could hold 3,000 people.

Constantinian Dynasty (305-324 CE)

Year	Date	Event
305-306 CE		Constantius I Chlorus Father to Constantine I, declared Emperor in the West.
305-311 CE		Licinius declared Emperor in the East.
306-312 CE		Maxentius usurps Constantine I and declares himself Emperor in the West.
307-310 CE		Constantine Basilica completed in Trier, Germany.
312 CE	28 Oct	Battle of Milvian Bridge where Maxentius is defeated by Constantine I
313 CE	Feb	Edict of Milan passed by Constantine I and Licinius in the East, recognising Christianity and ending the Persecution.
315 CE		Arch of Constantine built to celebrate the Battle of Milvian Bridge.
324 CE	July	Battle of the Hellespont. Licinius defeated by Crispus, Constantine’s son, in the last Sea Battle involving Triremes.

Constantine I (324-337 CE) First Christian Roman Emperor

Year	Date	Event
324-364		Constantine Dynasty
324-337 CE		Constantine I
324 CE		Basilica of St. John Lateran dedicated by Constantine I, and is still the Mother Church of the Roman Catholic Church.
325 CE		First Council of Nicaea accepted Trinitarianism and the Nicene Creed.
330 CE	11 May	Constantinople founded by Constantine I as the ‘New Rome’.
330 CE		Church of the Holy Apostles founded in Constantinople. It was the burial place for subsequent Eastern Emperors.
333 CE		Old St. Peter's Basilica Located on the same site as the new Basilica, was completed by Constantine I.
335 CE	13 Sept	Church of the Holy Sepulchre consecrated by Constantine I and his mother Helena.

Constantinian Dynasty (Cont. 335-364 CE) and Parthian Resurgence.

Year	Date	Event
337 CE		Constantine I dies and the Empire is divided between his three sons.
337-340 CE		Constantine II received Hispania, Gaul, Britannia and Mauretania.
337-350 CE		Constans received Italia, Africa, Illyricum, Thracia, Pannonia, Macedonia and Achaea. He then defeated and killed Constantine II in 340 CE.
337-361 CE		Constantius II received the eastern Provinces of Constantinople, Thracia, Asia Minor, Syria, Egypt, Cyrenaica.
357 CE		Lateran Obelisk moved to Circus Maximus
350-353 CE		Magnentius usurps Constans
351 CE		Battle of Mursa Major between Constantius II and Magnentius. The Bloodiest Civil War in Roman History. Magnentius commits suicide in 353 CE.
357-361 CE		Constantius II conducts an unsuccessful War with Parthia.
361-363 CE		Julian adopted as heir to Constantius II. Continues the War with Parthia.
362 CE	4 Feb	Tolerance Edict: Julian attempted to reintroduce Paganism.
363 CE	29 May	Battle of Ctesiphon, although victorious, Julian is forced to retreat and dies in a skirmish.
363-354 CE		Jovian
363-354 CE		Jovian signed a humiliating Peace Treaty with Parthia. He conceded the fortresses of Nisibis, Castra Maurorum and Singara, and withdrew from the five Roman Provinces east of the Tigris and the Christian King of Armenia, was obliged to cede half his kingdom to the Persians and to remain neutral.

Valentinian Dynasty and the Western Roman Empire (364-395 CE)

Year	Date	Event
364-395 CE		Valentinian Dynasty
364-378 CE		Valens Emperor in the East.
364-375 CE		Valentinian I Last great Emperor in the West.
365 CE	21 July	Crete Earthquake and Tsunami of 21 July 365 CE
365-374 CE		Valentinian I battles with the Alemanni who repeatedly invade Gaul.
367-8 CE		The Great Conspiracy The Scots, Picts and Saxons combined to invade and sack the British cities. They were repelled by Count Theodosius I in 368 CE.
376-382 CE		Gothic Wars led by Fritigern, King of the Goths.
378 CE	9 Aug	Battle of Adrianople considered to be the beginning of the End of the Roman Empire. Valens defeated and killed.
375-383 CE		Gratian (co-Emperor since 367 CE at the age of 8). He appoints Theodosius I Emperor in the East.
381 CE		Gratian confirms the Nicene Creed and Trinitarianism in the West.
383-388 CE		Magnus Maximus usurps Gratian
375-392 CE		Valentinian II aged 4 when named co-Emperor, was the last chance Arianism was able to flourish.
388-392		Valentinian II rules from Vienne protected by the Magister Militum Arbogast who campaigns non-stop against the Germans.
392-394 CE		Eugenius was a Usurper, proclaimed Emperor by Arbogast. He was the last Emperor to allow Paganism.

Theodosius I (379-395 CE) reunites the Roman Empire and makes Christianity the exclusive State Religion.

Year	Date	Event
379-395 CE		Theodosius I Last Emperor of Eastern and Western Roman Empire between 394-395 CE.
380 CE	27 Feb	Edict of Thessalonica ending Roman Paganism, the old Greek Religion, the Eleusinian Mysteries, the Cult of Isis and the use of Egyptian Hieroglyphs which became a Lost Language.
381 CE		First Council of Constantinople confirms the Nicene Creedand Trinitarianism.
390 CE	April	Massacre of Thessalonica where soldiers massacred 7,000 of the populace.
390 CE		Obelisk of Theodosius moved to the Hippodrome of Constantinople (Istanbul) where it still stands.
393 CE		Roman Olympic Games banned by Theodosius I.
394 CE		Battle of Frigidus where Theodosius I defeated the Western Emperor Eugenius and eliminated the old Pagan senators of Rome.
394 CE		Vestal Virgins were disbanded.
395 CE		The Oracle at Delphi and the Temple of Apollo were closed.
395 CE		Death of Theodosius I The Eastern and Western Roman Empire is now permanently split.

Honorius (395-423 CE), Stilicho (395-408 CE) and Alaric the Visigoth (395-401 CE)

Year	Date	Event
395-423 CE		Honorius becomes Emperor in the West aged 10.
395-408 CE		Stilicho is appointed Magister Militum of the west, to act as Regent for Honorius.
401-402 CE		Alaric the Visigoth invades Italy but is defeated Stilicho at the Battle of Pollentia.
401-476 CE		Ravenna becomes the capital of the Western Empire until 476 CE, because it is surrounded by marshes.
405 CE		The Sybilline Books are destroyed by Stilicho.
406 CE	31 Dec	The Rhine freezes over and a huge army of Ostrogoths, Vandals, Alans and Quadi cross into Gaul. They are stopped by Stilicho.
407-411 CE		Constantine III declared himself Emperor of the West. He removed the Legions from Britannia, established his capital at Arles Gaul and invaded Spain.
408 CE		Stilicho fails to defeat Constantine III and is executed by the Senate.
408 CE		Alaric the Visigoth first Siege of Rome
409 CE		Second Siege of Rome by Alaric.
409 CE		Britannia is lost. The Rescript of Honorius is sent telling Britain to look after their own defense.
410 CE		Third Siege of Rome and the First Sack of Rome by Alaric.
423 CE		Honorius died having lost Britain, Spain and southern Gaul to the Barbarians.

Valentinian III (425-455 CE), Flavius Aetius (425-454 CE) and Attila the Hun (434-453 CE)

Year	Date	Event
423-425 CE		Joannes was a brief Usurper who gave General Aetius his first promotion.
425-455 CE		Valentinian III proclaimed Emperor of the West aged 6.
425-454 CE		Flavius Aetius appointed Magister Militum of Gaul.
435 CE		Vandal Kingdom and Naval Fleet is established in Carthage. Africa is lost.
439 CE		Sicily, Malta, Sardinia and Corsica all lost when conquered by the Vandal Fleet.
449 CE		Britain: Hengist and Horsa brought the Angles, Saxons and Jutes to occupy southern Britain.
451 CE		Attila the Hun invades Gaul with 500,000 German soldiers.
451 CE		Battle of Chalons Flavius Aetius defeats Attila, who escapes back to Germany with his army.
452 CE		Attila the Hun invades Italy, but withdraws when his homeland is attacked by the Eastern Emperor, Marcian.
455 CE		Second Sack of Rome by the Vandal Fleet.
455 CE		Death of Valentinian III

Ricimer, Geiseric and the End of the Western Empire (455-476 CE)

Year	Date	Event
455 CE	17 Mar	Petronius Maximus was Emperor for 10 weeks until 31 May.
455 CE		Second Sack of Rome by Geiseric and the Vandal Fleet.
455-456 CE		Avitus declared Emperor by the Visigoths, but deposed by the Governor of Sicily, Ricimer, who appointed Marjorian Emperor instead.
457-472 CE		Ricimer becomes Magister Militum but because he is a Barbarian, he cannot be accepted as Emperor, so he rules through puppet Emperors instead.
457-461 CE		Majorian The last Great Roman Hero. He regained control over Spain, most of Gaul, Sicily, Illyricum, but failed to invade Africa. Executed by Ricimer.
461-465 CE		Severus III appointed by Ricimer. He lost Illyricum to the Eastern Empire and Gaul to the Visigoths.
467-472 CE		Anthemius. He rebuilt the Navy to defeat Geiseric and retake North Africa in 468 CE, but was unsuccessful. He attempted to retake Gaul but failed.
461-486 CE		Kingdom of Soissons remains as the last Roman State between the Marne and the Seine in Gaul.
468 CE		Battle of Cape Bon Last attempt to save the Western Empire.
472 CE		Olybrius was appointed by Ricimer, after he executed Anthemius, but Olybrius died of an illness.
472 CE		Ricimer dies 6 weeks after appointing Olybrius.
473-474 CE		Glycerius was appointed by Leo I but deposed by the Governor of Dalmatia, Julius Nepos.
474-475 CE		Julius Nepos was then deposed by his Magister Militum, Orestes, who appointed his own 15 year old son Romulus Augustus as Emperor.
475-476 CE	4 Sept	Romulus Augustus The Last Roman Emperor in the West. He was deposed by Odoacer, a German protege of Ricimer, who declared himself King of Italy, marking the End of the Western Roman Empire.
480 CE	June	Julius Nepos continued to use the legal Title of Emperor until he was assassinated in June 480 CE.
546 CE		Third Sack of Rome Totila, King of the Ostrogoths carries off the population of Rome.

Byzantine Empire or Eastern Roman Emperors (330-1453 CE)

Year	Date	Event
330 CE	11 May	Foundation of the Eastern Roman Empire, also known as the Byzantine Empire, by Constantine I with Constantinople as its capital.
330-1453 CE		List of Byzantine Dynasties
379-457 CE		Theodosian Dynasty
383-408 CE		Arcadius
402-450 CE		Theodosius II
450-457 CE		Marcian
457-518 CE		Leonid Dynasty
457-474 CE		Leo I
474-474 CE		Leo II
474-475 CE		Basiliscus
474-491 CE		Zeno (Emperor)
491-518 CE		Anastasius I
518-602 CE		Justinian Dynasty
518-527 CE		Justin I
525 CE		Anno Domini dating system invented by an Eastern European monk from Scythia Minor on the Danube called Dionysius Exiguus.
527-565 CE		Justinian I: He compiled the Digest of Justinian (529-534 CE) which also contained the Roman Sea Laws. He was the last Roman Emperor whose first language was Latin and he re-established Roman control over the Western Mediterranean and North Africa.
541 CE		Plague of Justinian (541-549 CE). First outbreak of the Plague in Europe starting in Egypt, then the Mediterranean and Persia.
551 CE		Beirut Earthquake and Tsunami caused c.30,000 deaths.
565-578 CE		Justin II
578-582 CE		Tiberius II Constantine
582-602 CE		Maurice: He wrote the Strategikon, a manual of war used for the next 1,000 years.
602-610 CE		Phocas (Usurper)
610-641 CE		Heraclius (Heraclian Dynasty 610-695)
610 CE		Heraclius changed the official language of the Empire from Latin to Greek, and in 629 CE, he changed the Title of the Roman Emperor from Augustus or Imperator to the Greek Basileus.
632-551 CE		Heraclius lost Syria, the Levant, Egypt and the Exarchate of Africa to the Arab Armies of the Rashidun Caliphate (632-551 CE).
1054 CE	Jan-Jul	Great Schism between the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Churches,
1204 CE	13 April	Crusader Sack of Constantinople.
1347-1351 CE		Black Death also known as the Plague or Pestilence, was the worst Pandemic in History where between 30-60 % of the affected populations died.
1453 CE	29 May	Fall of Constantinople to the Ottoman Army.